Constant flow still dominates—but it shouldn’t

Many older HVAC systems still operate on constant flow, pushing water through the entire network at full rate—even when demand is low.

That means:

Pumps run harder than needed
Valves struggle to modulate
Zones overheat or underperform
Equipment cycles unnecessarily

Variable flow solves these issues by adjusting delivery based on actual demand.

It’s a major efficiency unlock—and it’s possible to retrofit without a complete system redesign.

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Constant vs. variable flow: what's the difference?

Constant flow systems deliver the same water volume regardless of load.

While simple in design, they come with significant downsides: they waste pump energy, rely on aggressive throttling to control flow, and perform poorly under part-load conditions. On top of that, they often lead to frequent complaints and inefficiencies across the system.

Variable flow systems adapt to real-time demand by adjusting:

Pump speed (via VFDs)
Valve position
Flow paths based on active loads

The result? Lower energy use, better comfort, and more control flexibility.

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Retrofitting for variable flow: what to consider

You don’t need to tear out the whole system to switch to variable flow. A targeted retrofit can make a major impact.

Key steps include installing variable speed drives (VSDs) on pumps, replacing three-port valves with pressure-independent or two-port valves, and ensuring valve authority is correct under all load conditions.

Control logic also needs to be reconfigured to support proper ΔT management, as well as simulating the new setup before implementation.

Simulation is essential—it reveals flow conflicts, pressure drops, and control issues that constant-flow systems masked for years.

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Benefits to OPEX, comfort, and system stability

Variable flow retrofits deliver measurable improvements:

Pump energy savings of 30–60%
Reduced boiler/chiller cycling
Improved comfort stability across zones
Better ΔT for low-carbon plant (e.g. heat pumps, condensing boilers)
Less wear on valves and control equipment
More predictable system behaviour under part-load

See how Hysopt enables smooth variable flow retrofits for existing systems ›

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Real outcome: from constant waste to variable control

In a retrofit of a municipal office, the HVAC system relied on constant-flow pumps that were oversized and running at full speed—regardless of demand.

Despite this, comfort issues persisted in end-of-line zones, especially under part-load conditions. Simulation revealed the core issue: 60% of the flow was bypassed or throttled under partial load.

The fix involved installing variable frequency drives (VFDs) on the primary pumps, retrofitting two-port valves with pressure control, and optimising flow curves and ΔT through simulation.

Result:

42% reduction in pump energy
No post-retrofit comfort complaints
Boiler return temperature dropped 7°C, improving condensing performance

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FAQ: Retrofitting variable flow

Is this invasive or disruptive?

Not necessarily. Many upgrades (e.g. VFDs, valve replacements) can be staged zone-by-zone with minimal downtime.

Can this be done with existing plant?

Yes. You don’t need to change boilers or chillers—just adjust how water is distributed and controlled.

How do we validate it will work?

Use simulation tools like Hysopt to model flow, pressure, and control behaviour before making any changes.

Upgrade the flow. Optimise the system.

Moving from constant to variable flow is one of the smartest ways to cut energy, improve comfort, and get more from your existing HVAC system.

Want more info about retrofitting for variable flow performance? Here’s everything you need.

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